Beit She'arim - Ancient City and Basilica
Beit She’arim is a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of its extensive necropolis (i.e., a large, elaborate cemetery of an ancient city). It is the largest necropolis in the Levant, with at least 30 underground catacombs. Being buried in Israel is regarded in a very positive light by Jews. Because it was not possible to be buried in Jerusalem at that time, the righteous sage Rabbi Yehuda HaNassi was buried here, and it was relatively easy to carve out burial caves in the chalk, Beit She’arim became a favored place for burial in the 3rd and 4th centuries CE for those able to afford it, including Jews living outside the country. The contents of these impressive burial caves provide insights into Jewish life in the Diaspora in Mishnaic times. However, there is more to this site than just its necropolis. Beit She’arim was an important Jewish city in Mishnaic times. Its ruins are not part of the world Heritage site, and are therefore not in the National Park, but slightly before its entrance. Some imagination is needed as they are not reconstructed, but they are of considerable interest because of their possible association with Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi.
THE NECROPOLIS AT BET SHE'ARIM
Directions: Enter i“Beit Shearim” into Waze
Admission: This is a site of the Israel Nature and Parks Authority. Hours in the summer are 8.00 am to 5.00 pm Sunday to Thursday, and Friday and holiday eves 8.00 am to 4.00 pm. The park closes 1 hour earlier in the winter. There is an admission fee. A brochure with a map of the caves and ruins is available in English. There are free tours of the burial caves in Hebrew at 10.00 am, 11.00 am, 12.00 pm and 1.00 pm provided by trained local volunteers. There is a store selling hot and cold drinks. Adjacent and close to the store are several shaded areas with picnic benches. The phone number is 04 983-1640. This is their website.

The burial cave of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi
Beit She’arim was developed as a Jewish city during the reign of King Herod. The Jewish historian Josephus mentions that it was part of the estate of the Herodian dynasty and he called the city by its Greek name Besara.
Beit She'arim became important because of the presence of Rabbi Yehuda HaNassi (called Rebbe). This was his hometown and he moved the Sanhedrin here from nearby Shefar’am, this being one of its ten locations. This was not a full Sanhedrin of 71 judges, but a number of sages and their students. It performed vital religious functions such as adjudicating cases and establishing the time of the new moon, and hence fixing the Jewish calendar, and developing the Jewish Oral Law so that it remained relevant to the people. Rebbe was both the head of the Sanhedrin and the political leader of the Jewish people, an unusual combination of functions.
The glory of the city diminished when Rebbe moved to Tzipori, although new tombs continued to be constructed. The city was destroyed in the 4th century CE after the Jewish revolt against the Roman emperor Gallus. This resulted in the destruction of many Galilean towns and villages. There was some Jewish habitation here in the Byzantine and Arab periods, although not to the extent as previously.
In the 19th century, the Jewish National Fund bought the small Arab village of Sheikh Bureik here from its Lebanese landowner via Yehoshua Hankin. The Arab tenants were evicted, but compensated. The political movement Hapoel Hamizrachi established an agricultural settlement on the ruins of Sheikh Bureik, but abandoned the site for a new settlement in Sde Ya’akov.
The presence of Beit She’arim’s burial caves was already appreciated by the late 1800s, but no excavations were carried out until Alexander Zaid, who was employed as a guard by the Jewish National Fund, entered a cave, found inscriptions and informed the Israeli archaeological world of his discovery.
WALKING IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF RABBI YEHUDA HANASI
Walking through the ruins of Beit She’arim in the footsteps of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi is a helpful and interesting way for exploring the significance of this former Jewish city:
Directions: A bit before the entrance kiosk to the National Park you will see ruins on your left. They are easily recognizable because of an arch. You can also enter into Waze “פסל אלכסנדר זייד” and click on “קרית טבעון פסל אלכסנדר זייד” - the ruins are slightly before the entrance road to this statue. There is no defined parking area, but you can park on the road’s shoulder in front of the ruins. Leave your car here for this part of your walk.
The ruins of a magnificent residential building
The ruins you see are those of a large mansion. There was a synagogue just beyond the mansion, which this is in the grounds of the Zayid farmstead. Because of its magnificence and location, there is a strong possibility that this was Rebbe’s home. This mansion had a large entrance courtyard where his bodyguard would have controlled his visitors. Note a small room with a toilet at the rear of the building on the right (facing the ruins from your car). This may have been a much-used room for Rebbe as we know that he had a bowel problem that led to bouts of severe abdominal pain. Unlike Tzipori, this city was not a Roman polis and therefore had no running water. Waste would have gone directly into the ground.
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Now walk along the main road in the direction of the park to the next set of ruins.

The archway into the probable mansion of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi

The toilet in the mansion. The houses would not have had running water.
Ruins of an olive factory and city gate
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The next ruins are those of an olive factory and after this a gate at the northern edge of the city. Both are indicated by signs, and it is difficult to miss them. Beit She’arim was formerly known as Beit Sha’arayim, House of Two Gates, and this would have been one of the gates.

The olive oil factory.

A northern gate of the city.
Ruins of a basilica and the statue of Alexander Zayid on the top of the hill
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Take the first paved road on your left up the hill. There is no entry for cars and you will need to continue walking. Just beyond a turning on the left are the ruins of a public building or basilica.
This basilica has a large hall that is divided by two rows of columns. Given the importance of the Sanhedrin in this period and the influence of Rebbe, it is quite possible that this is where the Sanhedrin met, although there is no direct proof of this.
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Take the next left to the top of the hill.
The city of Beit She’arim was built on top of this hill and its slopes. The view is impressive. In front of you to the south is the western part of the Jezreel Valley. The mountains of Samaria are just beyond this. The Carmel Mountain Range is to your right.
The statue in front of you is that of Alexander Zayid on his horse. There is a recording in front of the statue in Hebrew and English. In 1907, Zayid, together with others, founded the defense organization Bar Giora that provided protection to settlements in the Upper Galilee during the Second Aliya. Its ultimate aim was to form a secret underground army that would eventually form a Jewish state. It was disbanded to form a larger organization in 1909 called Hashomer. This is discussed in greater detail in the webpage on Tel Hai Courtyard.


Statue of Alexander Zayid
Visiting the burial caves within the park
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To visit the burial caves, including that of Rebbe, drive down the hill to the National Park and its necropolis. They can be viewed within the context of a tour or with the aid of the map provided.
Rebbe died in Tzipori, where he lived for 12 years from about 217 CE, but he requested that he be buried in Beit She’arim. The Cave of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi is cave number 14. It has three doorways and a triple arch.

The presumed grave site of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi and his wife.

Bilingual inscription in black paint reading "Of Rabbi Gamaliel." This would be another son of Rebbe.

Red painted inscription for the burial place of Rabbi Shimon, son of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi.

Decorated sargophagus from the Cave of the Coffins.
Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi – an unusual rabbinic leader
Many people might imagine that the composer of one of the seminal works of Jewish scholarship would be a sage completely focused on Torah learning and somewhat detached from the world around him. This was not Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi. This nasi (prince) was not only the head of the Sanhedrin, but also a leader of the Jewish people who dealt routinely with the Roman administration.
Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi (about 135 to 217 CE), or Rebbe as he was called, was well trained for both tasks. He came from a family that had provided leadership to the Jewish people since the time of the sage Hillel. He was taught Torah by his father’s colleagues who were the preeminent scholars of that generation. He also learnt Greek at home. Learning Greek knowledge was frowned upon by the sages, but his family was granted an exception because of their need to deal with the Romans.
The emperor Hadrian had ruthlessly crushed the Bar Kochba Revolt. He then attempted to crush Judaism and its rabbinic leadership on the not unreasonable assumption that both had promoted this revolt under the leadership of Rabbi Akiva. This was the period of the Hadrianic persecutions. Rebbe’s father, Rabban Simeon II ben Gamaliel, had been a student of Rabbi Akiva, and he went into hiding outside the country because of a price on his head. Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai was also a preeminent student of Rabbi Akiva and he hid in a cave in the north of Israel. The Sanhedrin meanwhile went underground.
It would take about 20 years before Rome and the Jews were able to coexist comfortably with each other. Antoninus Pius, the son of Hadrian, relaxed his father’s decrees only later in his rule. The Sanhedrin was then able to meet again at Usha. Subsequent to this, the restoration of the patriarchate was permitted and Rabban Simeon II ben Gamaliel was invited to lead the Sanhedrin, despite his previous sympathies with the Bar Kochba revolt.
On his appointment, Rebbe moved the court from Usha, where he had been brought up, to Bet She’arim. His leadership was not accepted calmly by all the sages, and Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Nathan attempted to depose him. However, their efforts against his appointment were unsuccessful. Rabbi Nathan subsequently apologized but Rabbi Meir refused to do so. Because of this affront to his family, he is referred to in Rebbe's Mishna only as “the others”.
During the time of Rebbe's exilarch, the relationship between the Jews and the Roman leadership warmed considerably. There are over 100 mentions in the Talmud and midrashim of conversations between Rebbe and a Roman emperor called “Antoninus,” some of them philosophical and others more intimate regarding his household and palace intrigues. There has been much discussion among scholars as to who this Antoninus was. A strong possibility is that he was either the emperor Severus, or more likely his son Caracalla, both of whom had a high regard for Jews. Their positive relationship with the Jews represented a marked change from previous Roman administrations, and obviously made Rebbe’s administrative tasks that much easier.
Rebbe became extremely rich due to land holdings donated to him and this provided his office with an aura of grandeur. Nevertheless, he is quoted as saying: “Whoever chooses the delights in this world will be deprived of the delights of the next world; whoever renounces the former will receive the latter.” His piety and holiness are also mentioned in Jewish sources.
Rebbe relocated the Sanhedrin to Tzipori and he lived there for the last 18 years of his life because of health reasons. This is where he wrote the foundational work on Jewish law, the Mishna. This was more of a compendium of Jewish law than an original composition. Much of the material had already been gathered together by Rabbi Akiva and his students, and Rebbe followed the order they had used. However, he did decide what should be left in and out of his book. The material he left out is often quoted as either a Beraitha or Tosefta in the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds and is evidence of the large amount of material that he had to sift through. In some instances, Rebbe would provide a number of opinions on a matter of Jewish law, and not a final decision. His Mishna would become the basis for the discussions of the Talmuds and thus an essential link in the transmission and elaboration of Jewish law.
Rebbe died in Tzipori, but he instructed that he be buried in Beit She’arim, and in the ground and not in a sarcophagus. The story of his death, as related in the Talmud, is shown in a movie in the synagogue at Tzipori. The rabbis were praying for his recovery and this prevented the departure of his soul. Aware of Rebbe’s physical distress, his maid servant broke a vessel. Because of the disturbance, there was a break in the prayers and this permitted Rebbe to die. Rebbe’s funeral procession stopped at eighteen places during the 12 Km to Bet She’arim and he was eulogized at each stop.
His functions were taken over by his two sons - Rabbi Shimeon, who led his yeshiva, and Rabbi Gamaliel, who succeeded him as the administrative prince or nasi. Both are buried in the same catacomb as Rebbe. Rebbe recognized that it would take an unusually talented person (such as himself), to be able to do these two functions simultaneously.